1. Scott J, Gibbs RS, Karlan BY, Haney AF. Danforth’s obstetrics and gynecology. 9th ed. Philadelphia:Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins;2003.
2. Rayan KJ, Berkowitz RS, Barbieri Rl, Dunaif A. Kistner’s gynecology & women’s health. 7th ed. St
Louis:Mosby;1997.
3. Mashburn J. Etiology, diagnosis, and management of vaginitis. J Midwifery Women Health 2006
Nov;51(6):423-30.
4. Ziaee H, Rezaeian M .[Study of Trichomoniasis in women referring to gynecology centers of Sari and
comparison of laboratory diagnostic methods] [Article in Persian]. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 1998;8(19):34-
40.
5. Goodman RP, Freret TS, Kula T, Geller A, Talkington MW, Tang-Fernandez V, et al. Clinical isolates of
Trichomonas vaginalis concurrently infected by strains of up to four Trichomonasvirus species (Family
Totiviridae). J Virol 2011 May;85(9):4258–70.
6. Schwebke JR, Hobbs MM, Taylor SN, Sena AC, Catania MG, Weinbaum BS, et al. Molecular testing for
Trichomonas vaginalis in women: results from a prospective U.S. clinical trial. J Clin Microbiol 2011 Dec;
49(12):4106-11.
7. Calzada F, Yepez-Mulia L, Tapia-Contreras A. Effect of Mexician medicinal plant used treat trichomoniasis on
Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites. J Ethnopharmacol 2007 Sep;113(2):248-51.
8. Swygard H, Sena AC, Hobbs MM, Cohen MS. Trichomoniasis: clinical manifestation, diagnosis and
management. Sex Transm Infect 2004 Apr;80(2):91-5.
9. Jamali R, Zareikar B , Usofi S, Ghazghanchi A. [Comparison of the sensitivity of wet smear and culture for
diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis] [Article in Persian]. J Lorestan Univ Med Sci 2006;8:80-5.
10. Bolbol-Haghigh N, Ebrahimi H, Norouzi P, Delvarianzadeh M. [Evaluation and comparison of clinical and paraclinical
diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginitis in women refered to Shahroud City Health Care Centers] [Article in
Persian]. J Shahrod Uni Med Sci Health Ser 2008;3(1).
11. Petrin D, Delgaty K, Bhatt R, Garber G. Clinical and microbiological aspects of Trichomonas vaginalis. Clin
Microbiol Rev 1998 Apr;11(2):300-317. Review.
12. Cudmore SL, Delgaty KL, Hayward-McClelland SF, Petrin DP, Garber GE. Treatment of infections caused by
metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004 Oct;17(4):783-93.
13. Carr. PL, Felsenstein D, Friedman RH. Evaluation and management of vaginitis. J Gen Intern Med 1998
May;13(5):342-6.
14. Garber GE. The laboratory diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis. Can J Infect Dis Microbiol 2005 JanFeb;16(1):35-8.
15. Beatriz EP, Claudia IM, Enrique FC, Claudia G, Martha CE, Ramó n AT,et al. Prevalence and comparison of
diagnostic methods for Trichomonas vaginalis infection in pregnant women in Argentina. Korean J Parasitol
2010 Mar;48(1): 61-5.
16. Schwebke JR, Burgess D. Trichomoniasis. Clin Microbial Rev 2004 Oct;17(4):794-803.
17. Linnet NM, Susan MG, Ruth G, Nobert P, Walter J, Jeckoniah ON, et al. A prospective study of vaginal
trichomoniasis and HIV-1 shedding in women on antiretroviral therapy. BMC Infect Dis 2011;11:307.
18. Singh S, Singh G, Sagar N, Yadav PK, Jain PA, Gautam B, et al. Insight into trichomonas vaginalis genome
evolution through metabolic pathways comparison. Biomed Info 2012;8(4):189-95.
19. Fernando SD, Herath S, Rodrigo C, Rajapakse S. Improving diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis infection in
resource limited health care settings in sri lanka. J Glob Infect Dis 2011 Oct;3(4):324-8.
20. Berek JS. Berek & Novak’s gynecology.14th ed. Phyladelphiya:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;2007.
21. MirzaKhani K , Hasanzade Mofrad M.[ Vaginitis]. Mashhad:Vice Chancellor for research of Mashhad
University of Medical Science Publisher;2007. [in Persian].
22. Lowe NK, Neal JL, Ryan-Wenger NA. Accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of vaginitis compared to a DNA probe
laboratory standard. Obstet Gynecol 2009 Jan;113(1):89-95.
23. Azadbakht M, Ziai H, Abdollahi F, Shabankhani B. [Effect of essential oils of artemisia aucheri bioss., zataria
multiflora boiss. and myrtus communis L on trichomonas vaginalis] [Article in Persian]. J Herb Med 2006;8:35-
40.
24. Shabestari S. [Evaluation of clinical diagnosis of trichomoniasis with paraclinic method in women attending to
clinics zahedan-Qods hospital in 1382] [Thesis in Persian]. Zahedan: Zahedan University of Medical
Science;2005.
25. Mabey DC, Peeling RW. Rapid diagnostic tests for sexual transmitted infections. IPPF Med Bull 2002
June;34(3).
26. Burja IT, Shurbaji MS. Clinical impact of identifying Trichomonas vaginalis on cervicovaginal (Papanicolaou)
smear. Diagn Cytopathol 2001 Mar;24(3):195-9.
27. Hazrati Tappeh Kh, Mohammad Zadeh H, Mostaghim M, Fereidoni J, Mehri E. [A comparative study on the
sensitivity of two different diagnostic ways of diamond culture and wet mount in Trichomonas vaginalis
diagnosis and correlation between infection and clinical findings] [Article in Persian]. Uramia Med J
2005;15(1):7-13.
28. Landers DV, Wiesenfeld HC, Heine RP, Krohn MA, Hillier SL. Predictive value of the clinical diagnosis of
lower genital tract infection in women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004 Apr;190(4):1004-10.
29. Shahbazi A, Fallah E, Safaian R. [Infection rate of Trichomonas vaginalis in females referring to Tabriz and
Basmeng health care centers] [Article in Persian]. J Res Med Sci Shaheed Beheshti 2002;25(4):231-4.
30. Sharifi I, Khatami M, Tahmores Kermani E. [Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in women referred to ValiAsr
polyclinic and the health center number 3 in Sirjan city] [Article in Persian]. J Kerman Univ Med Sci
1994;1(13):125-32.
31. Faraj Khoda T, Latif Nejad R, Mojahed Sh, Farnia F. [A comparison of the role of reproductive health in
development of Trichomonas vaginitis in two groups of women using IUD and withdrawal methods of
contraception] [Article in Persian]. J Shaheed Sadoghi Yazd Univ Med Sci Health Ser 2003;10(3):47-51.
32. Akhlaghi L, Falahati M, Jahani Abyaneh M, Ourmazdi H, Amini M. [Study on the prevalence of Trichomonas
vaginalis and candida albicans in women referred to Robat Karim Medical Center and a comparative evaluation
of Loffler and diluted Carbol Fuchsin stains for rapid diagnosis of them] [Article in Persian]. J Iran Univ Med
Sci 2006;12(48):7-12.
33. Nourian A, Shabani N, Mousavinasab N, Rahmanpour H. [Association of Trichomonas vaginalis with low birth
weight] [Article in Persian]. J Zanjan Univ Med Sci 2011;19(76):84-92.
34. Tahmasbi S, Sharifi E. [The prevalence of trichomoniasis in women with leukorrhea
referred to Kerman's clinics and importance laboratory diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis] [Article in Persian].
Nabz J 2007;4(6):7-13.
35. Badparva E, Papi OA, Kheirandish F, Pornia Y, Azizi M . [Sensitivity assessment of direct method for diagnosis
of Trichomonas vaginalis in comparison with Dorset Culture media] [Article in Persian]. J Lorestan Univ Med
Sci 2010;12(1).
36. Moshfe AA, Hosseini S. [Comparison of clinical and microscopic diagnosis of Trichomoniasis referred to the
Yasuj women clinic] [Article in Persian]. J Armaghan-e-Danesh 2005;9(33):71-83.
37. Speroff L, Fritz MA. Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility. 7th ed. Philadelphia:Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins;2005.
38. Romoren M, Velauthapillai M, Rahman M, Sundby J, Klouman E, Hjortdahl P. Trichomoniasis and bacterial
vaginosis in pregnancy: inadequately managed with the syndromic approach. Bull World Health Organ 2007
Apr;85(4):297-304.
39. duBouchet L, McGregor JA, Ismail M, McCormack WM. A pilot study of metronidazole vaginal gel versus oral
metronidazole for the treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis vaginitis. Sex Transm Dis 1998 Mar;25(3):176-9.
40. Karmastaji A, Khajeh F, Amirian M. [Comparison between clinical and laboratory diagnosis of vaginitis]
[Article in Persian]. Hormozgan Med J 2006;9(2):131-6.
41. Rathore M, Vyas L, Bhardwaj AK. Prevalence of reproductive tract infections amongst ever married women and
sociocultural factors associated with it. J Indian Med Assoc 2007 Feb;105(2):71-2, 74, 78 .
42. Luppi CG, de Oliveira RL, Veras MA, Lippman SA, Jones H, de Jesus CH, et al. [Early diagnosis and
correlations of sexually transmitted infections among women in primary care health services] [Article in
Portuguese]. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2011 Sep;14(3):467-77.
43. Klinger EV, Kapiga SH, Sam NE, Aboud S, Chen CY, Ballard RC, et al. A Community-based study risk factor
for Trichomonas vaginalis infectin among women and their male partner in Moshi urban district, northern
Tanzania. Sex Transm Dis 2006 Dec;33(12):712-8.
)