فرآیند بلوغ در کودکان حاصل روش‌های کمک باروری: یک مطالعه مروری

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه مامایی و بهداشت باروری، مرکز تحقیقات مراقبت‌های پرستاری و مامایی، دانشکده پرستاری و مامایی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران.

2 دانشجوی دکتری تخصصی بهداشت باروری، دانشکده پرستاری و مامایی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران.

چکیده

مقدمه: کیفیت بلوغ می‌تواند سلامت جنسی و باروری فرزندان را تحت تأثیر قرار دهد. شواهد محدودی در مورد خطرات مرتبط با استفاده از روش‌ها­ی کمک باروری (ART) بر فرآیند بلوغ وجود دارد. مطالعه مروری حاضر با هدف بررسی فرآیند بلوغ در کودکان حاصل ART انجام شد.
روش‌کار: در این مطالعه مروری جهت یافتن مقالات مرتبط با موضوع فرآیند بلوغ در کودکان حاصل ART، پایگاه ­های اطلاعاتی Web of Science، Scopous، Proquest و Pubmed و پایگاه­ های فارسی SID و Magiran و موتور جستجوی Google Scholar برای یافتن مطالعات منتشر شده در بازه سال‌های 2022-1970 با استفاده از کلمات کلیدی انگلیسی: Assisted Reproductive Technology، In vitro fertilisation،Intracytoplasmic sperm injection، puberty، Tanner و adolescent و معادل فارسی آنها شامل: روش‌های کمک باروری، لقاح داخل آزمایشگاهی، تزریق داخل سیتوپلاسمی اسپرم، بلوغ، تانر و نوجوان جستجو شدند.
یافته­ ها: در مجموع از بین 1438 مقاله یافت شده، 10 مقاله واجد شرایط پژوهش بود و برای این مطالعه انتخاب شدند. شیوع اختلالات بلوغ در کودکان ART در مقایسه با کودکان حاصل بارداری نرمال تفاوتی نداشت. مراحل تانر، رشد استخوانی، وضعیت هورمونی در بین نوجوان حاصل ART مشابه جمعیت نرمال بود، اگرچه دختران حاصل ART در معرض بلوغ زودتر و پسران در معرض تفاوت اندک در هورمون‌های جنسی در مقایسه با کودکان حاصل بارداری نرمال بودند.
نتیجه گیری: اگرچه بسیاری از مطالعات تفاوت قابل توجهی در فرآیند بلوغ نوجوانان ART در مقایسه با دیگر نوجوانان نشان نداد، اطلاعات در مورد پیگیری طولانی‌مدت محدود است. بنابراین پیگیری طولانی‌مدت کودکان ART تا زمان تکمیل بلوغ به تفکیک جنسیت کودک و روش‌های کمک باروری ضروری است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Puberty process in children born from Assisted Reproductive Technologies: a review study

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mitra Savabi esfahani 1
  • Maryam Heidari Sarvestani 2
  • Fatemeh Mokhtari 2
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Isfahan, Iran.
2 PhD student of Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Introduction: The quality of puberty can affect the sexual health and fertility of children. There is limited evidence about the risks associated with the use of assisted reproductive methods (ART) on the process of puberty. This review study was conducted with aim to investigate the puberty process in ART children.
Methods: In this review study, to find the related articles regarding the puberty process in ART children, the databases of Web of Science, Scopous, Proquest and Pubmed and Persian databases of SID and Magiran and Google Scholar search engine were searched to find published studies using English keywords: Assisted Reproductive Technology, In vitro fertilization, Intracytoplasmic sperm injection, puberty, Tanner and adolescent and their Persian equivalents.
Results: In total, among 1438 articles found, 10 articles were eligible for the research and were selected for this study. The prevalence of puberty disorders in ART children was not different compared to children resulting from spontaneous pregnancy. Tanner's stages, bone growth, hormonal status among adolescents resulting from ART were similar to the normal population, although in girls resulting from ART were exposed to earlier puberty and boys were exposed to small differences in sex hormones compared to children resulting from spontaneous pregnancy.
Conclusion: Although many studies did not show a significant difference in the puberty process of ART adolescents compared to other adolescents, information on long-term follow-up is limited. Therefore, it is necessary to long-term follow-up of ART-born children until completion of puberty by child's sex and ART types.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Adolescent
  • Assisted Reproductive Technology
  • ICSI
  • In Vitro Fertilization
  • Puberty

مراجع

  1. Zegers-Hochschild F, Adamson GD, Dyer S, Racowsky C, De Mouzon J, Sokol R, et al. The international glossary on infertility and fertility care, 2017. Hum Reprod 2017; 32(9):1786-801.
  2. Crawford GE, Ledger WL. In vitro fertilisation/intracytoplasmic sperm injection beyond 2020. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2019; 126(2):237-43.
  3. De Geyter C, Calhaz-Jorge C, Kupka MS, Wyns C, Mocanu E, Motrenko T, et al. ART in Europe, 2015: results generated from European registries by ESHRE. Hum Reprod Open 2020; 2020(1):hoz038.
  4. Sunderam S, Kissin DM, Zhang Y, Folger SG, Boulet SL, Warner L, et al. Assisted reproductive technology surveillance—United States, 2016. MMWR Surveillance Summaries 2019; 68(4):1.
  5. Fleming TP, Watkins AJ, Velazquez MA, Mathers JC, Prentice AM, Stephenson J, et al. Origins of lifetime health around the time of conception: causes and consequences. The Lancet 2018; 391(10132):1842-52.
  6. Kleijkers SH, Mantikou E, Slappendel E, Consten D, van Echten-Arends J, Wetzels AM, et al. Influence of embryo culture medium (G5 and HTF) on pregnancy and perinatal outcome after IVF: a multicenter RCT. Hum Reprod 2016; 31(10):2219-30.
  7. Zaat T, Zagers M, Mol F, Goddijn M, van Wely M, Mastenbroek S. Fresh versus frozen embryo transfers in assisted reproduction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021(2).
  8. Bergh C, Wennerholm UB. Long-term health of children conceived after assisted reproductive technology. Upsala journal of medical sciences 2020; 125(2):152-7.
  9. Smith AD, Tilling K, Nelson SM, Lawlor DA. Live-birth rate associated with repeat in vitro fertilization treatment cycles. JAMA 2015; 314(24):2654-62.
  10. Schroeder M, Badini G, Sferruzzi-Perri AN, Albrecht C. The Consequences of Assisted Reproduction Technologies on the Offspring Health Throughout Life: A Placental Contribution. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:906240.
  11. Delemarre-van de Waal HA. Regulation of puberty. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2002; 16(1):1-12.
  12. Rosenfield RL, Lipton RB, Drum ML. Thelarche, pubarche, and menarche attainment in children with normal and elevated body mass index. Pediatrics 2009; 123(1):84-8.
  13. Kiess W, Hoppmann J, Gesing J, Penke M, Körner A, Kratzsch J, et al. Puberty–genes, environment and clinical issues. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 2016; 29(11):1229-31.
  14. Grumbach MM. The neuroendocrinology of human puberty revisited. Hormone Research in Paediatrics 2002; 57(Suppl. 2):2-14.
  15. Abreu AP, Kaiser UB. Pubertal development and regulation. The lancet Diabetes & endocrinology 2016; 4(3):254-64.
  16. De Boo HA, Harding JE. The developmental origins of adult disease (Barker) hypothesis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2006; 46(1):4-14.
  17. Roth CL, DiVall S. Consequences of early life programing by genetic and environmental influences: a synthesis regarding pubertal timing. Puberty from Bench to Clinic 2016; 29:134-52.
  18. Turkgeldi E, Yagmur H, Seyhan A, Urman B, Ata B. Short and long term outcomes of children conceived with assisted reproductive technology. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2016; 207:129-36.
  19. Ahmed ML, Ong KK, Dunger DB. Childhood obesity and the timing of puberty. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 2009; 20(5):237-42.
  20. Cho WK, Suh BK. Catch-up growth and catch-up fat in children born small for gestational age. Korean journal of pediatrics 2016; 59(1):1.
  21. Maisonet M, Christensen KY, Rubin C, Holmes A, Flanders WD, Heron J, et al. Role of prenatal characteristics and early growth on pubertal attainment of British girls. Pediatrics 2010; 126(3):e591-600.
  22. Wang Y, Dinse GE, Rogan WJ. Birth weight, early weight gain and pubertal maturation: a longitudinal study. Pediatric obesity 2012; 7(2):101-9.
  23. Veening MA, van Weissenbruch MM, Roord JJ, Delemarre-van de Waal HA. Pubertal development in children born small for gestational age. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 2004; 17(11):1497-506.
  24. Ludwig M, Katalinic A, German ICSI Follow-up Study Group. Malformation rate in fetuses and children conceived after ICSI: results of a prospective cohort study. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 2002; 5(2):171-8.
  25. Meschede D, Lemcke B, Behre HM, Geyter CD, Nieschlag E, Horst J. Non-reproductive heritable disorders in infertile couples and their first degree relatives. Human Reproduction 2000; 15(7):1609-12.
  26. Källén B, Finnström O, Nygren KG, Olausson PO. In vitro fertilization in Sweden: child morbidity including cancer risk. Fertility and sterility 2005; 84(3):605-10.
  27. Wennerholm UB, Bergh C, Hamberger L, Lundin K, Nilsson L, Wikland M, et al. Incidence of congenital malformations in children born after ICSI. Human reproduction 2000; 15(4):944-8.
  28. Mau Kai C, Main KM, Andersen AN, Loft A, Skakkebæk NE, Juul A. Reduced serum testosterone levels in infant boys conceived by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92(7):2598-603.
  29. Hann M, Roberts SA, D’Souza SW, Clayton P, Macklon N, Brison DR. The growth of assisted reproductive treatment-conceived children from birth to 5 years: a national cohort study. BMC Med 2018; 16(1):1-11.
  30. Zare O, Soleimani F. Assisted Reproduction Technology and Perinatal Outcomes: A Review. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil 2017; 2020(supplement):26-34.‎
  31. Elhakeem A, Taylor AE, Inskip HM, Huang J, Tafflet M, Vinther JL, et al. Association of assisted reproductive technology with offspring growth and adiposity from infancy to early adulthood. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5(7):e2222106-.
  32. Aris IM, Perng W, Dabelea D, Ganiban JM, Liu C, Marceau K, et al. Analysis of Early-Life Growth and Age at Pubertal Onset in US Children. JAMA network open 2022; 5(2):e2146873-.
  33. LeWinn KZ, Caretta E, Davis A, Anderson AL, Oken E. SPR perspectives: Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program: Overcoming challenges to generate engaged, multidisciplinary science. Pediatric Research 2022; 92(5):1262-9.
  34. Singhal A. Long-term adverse effects of early growth acceleration or catch-up growth. Annals of nutrition and metabolism 2017; 70(3):236-40.
  35. Catford SR, McLachlan RI, O'Bryan MK, Halliday JL. Long‐term follow‐up of ICSI‐conceived offspring compared with spontaneously conceived offspring: a systematic review of health outcomes beyond the neonatal period. Andrology 2018; 6(5):635-53.
  36. Pereira N, O’Neill C, Lu V, Rosenwaks Z, Palermo GD. The safety of intracytoplasmic sperm injection and long-term outcomes. Reproduction 2017; 154(6):F61-70.
  37. Sonntag B, Eisemann N, Elsner S, Ludwig AK, Katalinic A, Kixmüller D, et al. Pubertal development and reproductive hormone levels of singleton ICSI offspring in adolescence: results of a prospective controlled study. Human Reproduction 2020; 35(4):968-76.
  38. Ceelen M, van Weissenbruch MM, Vermeiden JP, van Leeuwen FE, Delemarre-van de Waal HA. Pubertal development in children and adolescents born after IVF and spontaneous conception. Human reproduction 2008; 23(12):2791-8.
  39. Hart R, Norman RJ. The longer-term health outcomes for children born as a result of IVF treatment. Part II–Mental health and development outcomes. Human reproduction update 2013; 19(3):244-50.
  40. Ibánez L, Ferrer A, Marcos MV, Hierro FR, de Zegher F. Early puberty: rapid progression and reduced final height in girls with low birth weight. Pediatrics 2000; 106(5):e72-.
  41. Belva F, Roelants M, Painter R, Bonduelle M, Devroey P, De Schepper J. Pubertal development in ICSI children. Human reproduction 2012; 27(4):1156-61.
  42. Beydoun HA, Sicignano N, Beydoun MA, Bocca S, Stadtmauer L, Oehninger S. Pubertal development of the first cohort of young adults conceived by in vitro fertilization in the United States. Fertil Steril 2011; 95(2):528-33.
  43. Belva F, Roelants M, Vloeberghs V, Schiettecatte J, Evenepoel J, Bonduelle M, et al. Serum reproductive hormone levels and ultrasound findings in female offspring after intracytoplasmic sperm injection: first results. Fertil Steril 2017; 107(4):934-9.
  44. Sakka SD, Loutradis D, Kanaka-Gantenbein C, Margeli A, Papastamataki M, Papassotiriou I, et al. Absence of insulin resistance and low-grade inflammation despite early metabolic syndrome manifestations in children born after in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 2010; 94(5):1693-9.
  45. De Schepper J, Belva F, Schiettecatte J, Anckaert E, Tournaye H, Bonduelle M. Testicular growth and tubular function in prepubertal boys conceived by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hormone Research in Paediatrics 2009; 71(6):359-63.
  46. Lu YH, Wang N, Jin F. Long-term follow-up of children conceived through assisted reproductive technology. Journal of zhejiang university science B 2013; 14(5):359-71.
  47. Jensen TK, Jørgensen N, Asklund C, Carlsen E, Holm M, Skakkebæk NE. Fertility treatment and reproductive health of male offspring: a study of 1,925 young men from the general population. Am J Epidemiol 2007; 165(5):583-90.
  48. Ramlau-Hansen CH, Thulstrup AM, Bonde JP, Olsen J. Parental infertility and semen quality in male offspring: a follow-up study. Am J Epidemiol 2007; 166(5):568-70.
  49. Ramlau-Hansen CH, Thulstrup AM, Olsen J, Bonde JP. Parental subfecundity and risk of decreased semen quality in the male offspring: a follow-up study. Am J Epidemiol 2008; 167(12):1458-64.
  50. Belva FL, Bonduelle MA, Roelants MA, Michielsen DO, Van Steirteghem AN, Verheyen GR, et al. Semen quality of young adult ICSI offspring: the first results. Hum Reprod 2016; 31(12):2811-20.
  51. Belva F, Bonduelle M, Schiettecatte J, Tournaye H, Painter RC, Devroey P, et al. Salivary testosterone concentrations in pubertal ICSI boys compared with spontaneously conceived boys. Hum Reprod 2011; 26(2):438-41.
  52. Hart R, Norman RJ. The longer-term health outcomes for children born as a result of IVF treatment: Part I–General health outcomes. Human reproduction update 2013; 19(3):232-43.
  53. Boonstra VH, Mulder PG, De Jong FH, Hokken-Koelega AC. Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels and pubarche in short children born small for gestational age before and during growth hormone treatment. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2004; 89(2):712-7.
  54. Dahlgren J, Boguszewski M, Rosberg S, Albertsson‐Wikland K. Adrenal steroid hormones in short children born small for gestational age. Clinical Endocrinology 1998; 49(3):353-61.
  55. Jackson RA, Gibson KA, Wu YW, Croughan MS. Perinatal outcomes in singletons following in vitro fertilization: a meta-analysis. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2004; 103(3):551-63.
  56. McDonald SD, Han Z, Mulla S, Murphy KE, Beyene J, Ohlsson A, et al. Preterm birth and low birth weight among in vitro fertilization singletons: a systematic review and meta-analyses. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2009; 146(2):138-48.
  57. Källén B, Finnström O, Nygren KG, Olausson PO. In vitro fertilization (IVF) in Sweden: risk for congenital malformations after different IVF methods. Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology 2005; 73(3):162-9.
  58. Belva F, Bonduelle M, Painter RC, Schiettecatte J, Devroey P, De Schepper J. Serum inhibin B concentrations in pubertal boys conceived by ICSI: first results. Human reproduction 2010; 25(11):2811-4.
  59. Grumbach MM. A window of opportunity: the diagnosis of gonadotropin deficiency in the male Infant1. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2005; 90(5):3122-7.
  60. Pierik FH, Deddens JA, Burdorf A, Keizer‐Schrama SM, Jong FH, Weber RF. The hypothalamus‐pituitary‐testis axis in boys during the first six months of life: a comparison of cryptorchidism and hypospadias cases with controls. Int J Androl 2009; 32(5):453-61.
  61. Klemetti R, Perry B, Henningsen AA, Spangmose AL, Pinborg A, Opdahl S, et al. Puberty disorders among ART-conceived singletons: a Nordic register study from the CoNARTaS group. Human Reproduction 2022; 37(10):2402-11.
  62. Barbotin AL, Ballot C, Sigala J, Ramdane N, Duhamel A, Marcelli F, et al. The serum inhibin B concentration and reference ranges in normozoospermia. European Journal of Endocrinology 2015; 172(6):669-76.
  63. Andersen AG, Jensen TK, Carlsen E, Jørgensen N, Andersson AM, Krarup T, et al. High frequency of sub-optimal semen quality in an unselected population of young men. Human Reproduction 2000; 15(2):366-72.
  64. Kumanov P, Nandipati K, Tomova A, Agarwal A. Inhibin B is a better marker of spermatogenesis than other hormones in the evaluation of male factor infertility. Fertility and sterility 2006; 86(2):332-8.
  65. Grunewald S, Glander HJ, Paasch U, Kratzsch J. Age-dependent inhibin B concentration in relation to FSH and semen sample qualities: a study in 2448 men. Reproduction 2013; 145(3):237-44.
  66. Hammoud AO, Griffin J, Meikle AW, Gibson M, Peterson CM, Carrell DT. Association of aromatase (TTTAn) repeat polymorphism length and the relationship between obesity and decreased sperm concentration. Human Reproduction 2010; 25(12):3146-51.
  67. van Koeverden ID, de Bakker M, Haitjema S, van der Laan SW, de Vries JP, Hoefer IE, et al. Testosterone to oestradiol ratio reflects systemic and plaque inflammation and predicts future cardiovascular events in men with severe atherosclerosis. Cardiovascular Research 2019; 115(2):453-62.
  68. Belva F, Bonduelle M, Tournaye H. Endocrine and reproductive profile of boys and young adults conceived after ICSI. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2019; 31(3):163-9.
  69. Berntsen S, Söderström-Anttila V, Wennerholm UB, Laivuori H, Loft A, Oldereid NB, et al. The health of children conceived by ART:‘the chicken or the egg?’. Human reproduction update 2019; 25(2):137-58.
  70. Ernst A, Lauridsen LL, Brix N, Arah OA, Olsen J, Olsen LH, et al. Parental time to pregnancy, medically assisted reproduction and pubertal development in boys and girls. Human Reproduction 2019; 34(4):724-32.
  71. Belva F, Roelants M, De Schepper J, Van Steirteghem A, Tournaye H, Bonduelle M. Reproductive hormones of ICSI-conceived young adult men: the first results. Human Reproduction 2017; 32(2):439-46.
  72. Klemetti R, Sevon T, Gissler M, Hemminki E. Health of children born as a result of in vitro fertilization. Pediatrics 2006; 118(5):1819-27.
  73. Qin JB, Sheng XQ, Wu D, Gao SY, You YP, Yang TB, et al. Worldwide prevalence of adverse pregnancy outcomes among singleton pregnancies after in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 2017; 295(2):285-301.
  74. Westvik-Johari K, Romundstad LB, Lawlor DA, Bergh C, Gissler M, Henningsen AK, et al. Separating parental and treatment contributions to perinatal health after fresh and frozen embryo transfer in assisted reproduction: A cohort study with within-sibship analysis. PLoS medicine 2021; 18(6):e1003683.
  75. Ceelen M, Van Weissenbruch MM, Prein J, Smit JJ, Vermeiden JP, Spreeuwenberg M, et al. Growth during infancy and early childhood in relation to blood pressure and body fat measures at age 8–18 years of IVF children and spontaneously conceived controls born to subfertile parents. Human Reproduction 2009; 24(11):2788-95.
  76. Hvidt JJ, Brix N, Ernst A, Lauridsen LL, Ramlau-Hansen CH. Size at birth, infant growth, and age at pubertal development in boys and girls. Clinical epidemiology 2019; 11:873-83.
  77. Neville KA, Walker JL. Precocious pubarche is associated with SGA, prematurity, weight gain, and obesity. Archives of disease in childhood 2005; 90(3):258-61.
  78. Farello G, Altieri C, Cutini M, Pozzobon G, Verrotti A. Review of the literature on current changes in the timing of pubertal development and the incomplete forms of early puberty. Frontiers in pediatrics 2019; 7:147.
  79. Wise LA, Mikkelsen EM, Rothman KJ, Riis AH, Sørensen HT, Huybrechts KF, et al. A prospective cohort study of menstrual characteristics and time to pregnancy. American journal of epidemiology 2011; 174(6):701-9.
  80. Guldbrandsen K, Håkonsen LB, Ernst A, Toft G, Lyngsø J, Olsen J, et al. Age of menarche and time to pregnancy. Human Reproduction 2014; 29(9):2058-64.
  81. Lauridsen LL, Arendt LH, Støvring H, Olsen J, Ramlau-Hansen CH. Is age at puberty associated with semen quality and reproductive hormones in young adult life?. Asian journal of andrology 2017; 19(6):625-32.
  82. Jensen TK, Finne KF, Skakkebæk NE, Andersson AM, Olesen IA, Joensen UN, et al. Self-reported onset of puberty and subsequent semen quality and reproductive hormones in healthy young men. Human Reproduction 2016; 31(8):1886-94.
  83. Klemetti R, Perry B, Aaris Henningsen AK, Pinborg A, Opdahl S, Romundstad LV, et al. Puberty problems among ART children born 1985-2015 in the Nordic countries–CoNARTaS cohort data. European Journal of Public Health 2020; 30(Supplement_5):ckaa165-097.
  84. Wei J, Liu S, Cheng Y, Yang W, Zhu Z, Zeng L. Association of infant physical development and rapid growth with pubertal onset among girls in rural China. JAMA network open 2021; 4(5):e216831-.
  85. Huang JY, Cai S, Huang Z, Tint MT, Yuan WL, Aris IM, et al. Analyses of child cardiometabolic phenotype following assisted reproductive technologies using a pragmatic trial emulation approach. Nature communications 2021; 12(1):1-6.
  86. Magnus MC, Wilcox AJ, Fadum EA, Gjessing HK, Opdahl S, Juliusson PB, et al. Growth in children conceived by ART. Human Reproduction 2021; 36(4):1074-82.
  87. Ceelen M, van Weissenbruch MM, Vermeiden JP, van Leeuwen FE, Delemarre-van de Waal HA. Cardiometabolic differences in children born after in vitro fertilization: follow-up study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2008; 93(5):1682-8.
  88. Belva F, Painter R, Bonduelle M, Roelants M, Devroey P, De Schepper J. Are ICSI adolescents at risk for increased adiposity?. Human reproduction 2012; 27(1):257-64.
  89. Silber SJ, Repping S. Transmission of male infertility to future generations: lessons from the Y chromosome. Human Reproduction Update 2002; 8(3):217-29.
  90. Cram DS, Ma K, Bhasin S, Ariasc J, Pandjaitanc M, Chu B, et al. Y chromosome analysis of infertile men and their sons conceived through intracytoplasmic sperm injection: vertical transmission of deletions and rarity of de novo deletions. Fertility and Sterility 2000; 74(5):909-15.
  91. Bonduelle M, Bergh C, Niklasson A, Palermo GD, Wennerholm UB. Medical follow-up study of 5-year-old ICSI children. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 2004; 9(1):91-101.
  92. Bonduelle M, Wennerholm UB, Loft A, Tarlatzis BC, Peters C, Henriet S, et al. A multi-centre cohort study of the physical health of 5-year-old children conceived after intracytoplasmic sperm injection, in vitro fertilization and natural conception. Human reproduction 2005; 20(2):413-9.
  93. Ludwig AK, Katalinic A, Thyen U, Sutcliffe AG, Diedrich K, Ludwig M. Physical health at 5.5 years of age of term-born singletons after intracytoplasmic sperm injection: results of a prospective, controlled, single-blinded study. Fertility and sterility 2009; 91(1):115-24.
  94. Rissanen E, Gissler M, Lehti V, Tiitinen A. The risk of psychiatric disorders among Finnish ART and spontaneously conceived children: Finnish population-based register study. European child & adolescent psychiatry 2020; 29(8):1155-64.
مجله زنان، مامایی و نازایی ایران
دوره 26، شماره 2
اردیبهشت 1402
صفحه 84-98

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار