1. Poikkeus P, Saisto T, Unkila-Kallio L, Punamaki RL, Repokari L, Vilska S, et al. Fear of childbirth and pregnancyrelated
anxiety in women conceiving with assisted reproduction. Obstet Gynecol 2006 Jul;108(1):70-6.\
2. Spice K, Jones SL, Hadjistavropoulos HD, Kowalyk K, Stewart SH. Prenatal fear of childbirth and anxiety
sensitivity. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol2009 Sep;30(3):168-74.
3. Rouhe H, Salmela-Aro K, Halmesmaki E, Saisto T. Fear of childbirth according to parity, gestational age, and
obstetric history. BJOG 2009 Jan;116(1):67-73.
4. Johnson R, Slade P. Does fear of childbirth during pregnancy predict emergency caesarean section? BJOG 2002
Nov;109(11):1213-21.
5. Ryding EL, Wijma B, Wijma K, Rydhstrom H. Fear of childbirth during pregnancy may increase the risk of
emergency cesarean section. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1998 May;77(5):542-7.
6. Bastani F, Hidarnia A, Kazemnejad A, Vafaei M, Kashanian M. A randomized controlled trial of the effects of
applied relaxation training on reducing anxiety and perceived stress in pregnant women. J Midwifery Womens
Health 2005 Jul-Aug;50(4):e36-40.
7. Khorsandi M. [Effect of precede proceed model combined with the health belief model and the self-efficacy to
increase normal childbirth in nulliparous women] [Thsise in Persian]. Tehran:Tarbiat Modarres University;2008.
8. Ponirakis A, Susman EJ, Stifter CA. Negative emotionality and cortisol during adolescent pregnancy and its
effects on infant health and autonomic nervous system reactivity. Dev Psychobiol 1998 Sep;33(2):163-74.
9. 9.Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M, Figueiredo B, Schanberg S, Kuhn C. Sleep disturbances in depressed
pregnant women and their newborns. Infant Behav Dev 2007 Feb;30(1):127-33.
10. Laursen M Johansen C, Hedegaard M. Fear of childbirth and risk for birth complications in nulliparous women
in the Danish National Birth Cohort. BJOG 2009 Sep;116(10):1350-5.
11. Johnson RC, Slade P. Obstetric complications and anxiety during pregnancy: is there a relationship? J
Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2003 Mar;24(1):1-14.
12. Littleton HL, Breitkopf CR, Berenson AB. Correlates of anxiety symptoms during pregnancy and association
with perinatal outcomes: a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007 May;196(5):424-32.
13. Bastani F, Hidarnia A, Vafaei M. [Effect of relaxation training based on the synthesizing of the precede model
with the health belief model and the self-efficacy theory on anxiety and pregnancy outcomes among pregnant
women] [Thsise in Persian]. Tehran:Tarbiat Modares University;2005.
14. Grant KA, McMahon C, Austin MP. Maternal anxiety during the transition to parenthood: a prospective study. J
Affect Disord 2008 May;108(1-2):101-11.
15. Nasiri Amiri F, Salmalian H, Hajia-Hamedi M. [Association between prenatal anxiety and spontaneous preterm
birth] [Article in Persian]. J Babol Univ Med Sci 2009;11:42-8.
16. Dayan J, Creveuil C, Herlicoviez M, Herbel C, Baranger E, Savoye C, Thouin A. Role of Anxiety and
Depression in the Onset of Spontaneous Preterm Labor. Am J Epidemiol 2002 Feb 15;155(4):293-301.
17. Lowe NK. Self-efficacy for labor and childbirth fears in nulliparous pregnant women. J Psychosomatic Obstet
Gynecol 2000 Dec;21(4):219-24.
18. Skouteris H, Wertheim EH, Germano C, Paxton SJ, Milgrom J. Assessing sleep during pregnancy: a study
across two time points examining the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and associations with depressive
symptoms. Womens Health Issues 2009 Jan-Feb;19(1):45-51.
19. Ghoreishi A, Aghajani AH. [Sleep quality in Zanjan university medical students]. [Article in Persian]. J Tehran
Univ Med Sci 2008;1:61-7.
20. Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Hauth JC, Gilstrap III L, Wenstrom KD. Williams obstetrics. 22nd ed.
New York:McGraw-Hill;2005.
21. Shahhosseini Z, Abedian K, Azimi H. [Role of anxiety during pregnancy in preterm elivery] ]. [Article in
Persian]. J Zanjan Univ Med Sci 2008;16:85-92.
22. Austin MP, Tully L, Parker G. Examining the relationship between antenatal anxiety and postnatal depression. J
Affect Disord. 2007 Aug;101(1-3):169-74.
23. Sutter-Dallay AL, Giaconne-Marcesche V, Glatigny-Dallay E, Verdoux H. Women with anxiety disorders
during pregnancy are at increased risk of intense postpartum depression symptoms: a prospective survey of the
MATQUID cohort. Eur Psychiatry 2004 Dec;19(8):459-63.
24. Leigh B, Milgrom J. Risk factors for antenatal depression, postnatal depression and parenting stress. BMC
Psychiatry 2008 Apr 16;8:24.
25. Klainin P, Arthur DG. Postpartum depression in Asian cultures: a literature review. Int J Nurs Stud 2009
Oct;46(10):1355-73.
26. Andersson L, Sundström-Poromaa I, Wulff M, Aström M, Bixo M. Implications of antenatal depression and
anxiety for obstetric outcome. Obstet Gynecol 2004 Sep;104(3):467-76.
27. 27.Kitzinger S. Recovering Birth. New York:Pocket Books;2000:135.
28. Beebe KR, Lee KA, Carrieri-Kohlman V, Humphreys J. The effects of childbirth self-efficacy and anxiety
during pregnancy on prehospitalization labor. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2007 Sep-Oct;36(5):410-8.
29. Shayqyan Z, Tabatabaei S K, Sedighi Loye A. [Effect of maternal anxiety in the third trimester of pregnancy and
delivery process and baby mental health] [Article in Persian]. J Nurs Midwifery, Tehran Univ Medi Sci
2008:3(4):57-64.
30. Heimstad R, Dahloe R, Laache I, Skogvoll E, Schei B. Fear of childbirth and history of abuse: implications for
pregnancy and delivery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2006;85(4):435-40.
31. Waldenström U, Hildingsson I, Ryding EL. Antenatal fear of childbirth and its association with subsequent
caesarean section and experience of childbirth. BJOG 2006 Jun;113(6):638-46.
32. Negahban T, Ansari A. [Does fear of childbirth during pregnancy predict emergency caesarean section in
nulliparous woman?] [Article in Persian]. J Nurs & Midw, Tehran Univ Medi Scie 2008:14(4):73-81.
33. Evans M, Dick M, Clark A. Sleep during the week befor labor relation ships to labor outcomes. Clin Nurs
1995;4(3):234-52.
34. Akbari AA, Bouluri B, Sadegh Niat Kh, Alavi Majd H. [Relationship between sleep disorders in the last month
of pregnancy, labor duration and type of delivery in pregnant women referred to health centers Saghez city in
2006] [Article in Persian]. J Ilam Univ Medi Scie 2006:15(3):8-14.
35. Lee KA, Gay C. Sleep in late pregnancy predicts length of labor and type of delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol
2004 Dec;191(6):2041-6.
36. Lee KA, Mcenany G, Zaffke ME. REM sleep and mood state in child bearing women: sleepy or weepy? Sleep
2001 Nov 1;23(7):877-85.
37. Saisto T, Salmela-Aro K, Nurmi JE, Halmesmaki E. Psychosocial characteristics of women and their partners
fearing vaginal childbirth. BJOG 2001 May;108(5):492-8.
38. Zar M, Wijma K. Pre-and postpartum fear of childbirth in nulliparous and parous women. Scand J Behav Ther
2001;30:75-84.
39. Alipour Z, Lamyian M, Hajizadeh E, Vafaei MA. The association between antenatal anxiety and fear of
childbirth in nulliparous women: a prospective study. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 2011 Spring;16(2):169-73.
)