مروری بر مفهوم و ساختارحقوق باروری و جنسی در اسناد بین المللی حقوق بشر

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکترای تخصصی بهداشت باروری، کمیته تحقیقات دانشجویی، دانشکده پرستاری و مامایی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

2 دانشیار گروه مامایی، مرکز تحقیقات مراقبت مبتنی بر شواهد، دانشکده پرستاری و مامایی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

3 استادیار گروه آمار زیستی و اپیدمیولوژی، مرکز تحقیقات علوم بهداشتی، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

4 دانشیار گروه حقوق و اخلاق پزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات حقوق و اخلاق پزشکی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

مقدمه: ناخوشی های ناشی از نقض حقوق باروری و جنسی، بخش قابل توجهی از بار بیماری ها در زنان و مردان سنین باروری را در جهان به خود اختصاص می دهد. با توجه به نو ظهور بودن مفهوم، وسعت ساختار و چالش های موجود در تحقق حقوق باروری و جنسی، مطالعه حاضر با هدف مروری بر تاریخچه، مفهوم و مهمترین اجزای ساختاری حقوق باروری و جنسی در راستای افزایش آشنایی ارائه دهندگان خدمات سلامت انجام شد.
روش کار: دراین مطالعه مروری، مرور مستندات در بازه زمانی 1946 تا 2013 و با جستجو در پایگاه های اطلاعاتی PubMed، Google Scholar و وب سایت سازمان های بین المللی با استفاده از کلید واژه های حقوق باروری، حقوق جنسی، سلامت باروری، سلامت جنسی و حقوق بشر صورت گرفت. مقالات، گزارش ها و انتشارات رسمی سازمان بهداشت جهانی، سازمان ملل متحد، فدراسیون بین المللی تنظیم خانواده، بنیاد سازمان ملل متحد برای فعالیت های جمعیتی، مرکز حقوق باروری، مؤسسه گات ماچر و مؤسسه غیر انتفاعی آیبیس به میزان جمعا 11 بیانیه و کنوانسیون و 4 سند فرهنگی مورد مرور قرار گرفت. همچنین نتایج حاصل از تحلیل محتوای قرآن کریم در این مرور مورد استفاده قرار گرفت.
یافته ها: مفهوم حقوق باروری و جنسی، به توانایی تمام افراد در تنظیم باروری و بهره بردن از یک رابطه جنسی ایمن و رضایت بخش دو طرفه ‌فارغ از تبعیض، اجبار و خشونت اشاره دارد. ساختار این حقوق متشکل از حق انتخاب در ازدواج و تشکیل خانواده، حق تصمیم گیری در خصوص فرزند آوری، حق تصمیم گیری جنسی فارغ از تبعیض و خشونت و حق آگاهی از اطلاعات و آموزش های لازم می باشد.
نتیجه گیری: حقوق باروری و جنسی با دو رکن اصلی حق انتخاب و تصمیم گیری در زمینه سلامت باروری و جنسی فارغ از تبعیض، اجبار و خشونت و حق دسترسی به اطلاعات و آموزش، دربردارنده تأمین سلامت باروری و جنسی افراد می باشد. پیچیدگی های مفهوم بین المللی حقوق باروی و جنسی، ضرورت انطباق آن با بستر فرهنگی و اجتماعی جامعه ایران را مطرح می کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

A Review of the Concept and Structure of Sexual and Reproductive Rights in International Human Rights Documents

نویسندگان [English]

  • Roksana Janghorban 1
  • Robab Latifnejad Roudsari 2
  • Ali Taghipour 3
  • Mahmoud Abbasi 4
1 Ph.D. Student of Reproductive Health, Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
2 Associate Professor, Department of Midwifery, Evidence Based Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Health Sciences Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
4 Associate Professor, Department of Medical Ethics and Law, Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Reproductive ill-health related to the violation of sexual and reproductive rights has accounted for a significant part of the global disease burden in women and men of reproductive ages. The novelty of concept, its large domain and the current challenges in realization of sexual and reproductive rights led to carrying out this review in order to look at its history, concept, and the most important structure to enhance health care providers' awareness on this concept.
Methods: This review was carried out in the period of 1946–2013 by searching in PubMed, Google Scholar, as well as websites of various international relevant organizations using key words including "reproductive rights", "sexual rights", "reproductive health", "sexual health", and "human rights". Articles, reports, and official publications of World Health Organization, United Nations, International Planned Parenthood Federation, United Nations Fund for Population Activities, Center for Reproductive Rights, Guttmacher Institute, and Ibis international nonprofit organization (totally, 11 deceleration and conventions, and 4 cultural documents) were reviewed. Also the findings of Quran's content analysis were included in this study.
Results: The concept of sexual and reproductive rights implies that all people are able to regulate their fertility and enjoy a mutually satisfying and safe relationship free from discrimination, coercion, and violence. The structure of sexual and reproductive rights include the right to choose whether or not to marry and to plan a family, the right to decide whether and when to have children, the right to sexual decision making free from discrimination and violence, and the right to information and education.
Conclusion: Sexual and reproductive rights with two main pillars including the right of decision making related to reproductive and sexual health free from discrimination, coercion, and violence and the right of access to information and effective education guarantees sexual and reproductive health of all persons. Complexities in the international concept of sexual and reproductive rights have raised the need to adapt it with socio-cultural context of Iranian society.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Human rights
  • Reproductive health
  • Reproductive rights

مراجع

AbouZahr C, Vaughan JP. Assessing the burden of sexual and reproductive ill-health: questions regarding the
use of disability-adjusted life years. Bull World Health Organ 2000;78(5):655-66.
2. Guidelines on Reproductive Health for the UN Resident Coordinator System. New York: United Nations
Population Fund;1995. Available at: http://www.un.org/popin/unfpa/taskforce/guide/iatfreph.gdl.html.
3. Written Statement to the 2010 United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) Annual Ministerial
Review. International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF);2010. Available at:
http://www.ippf.org/en/Resources/Statements/ECOSOC+Annual+Ministerial+Review+by+the+IPPF.htm.
4. Mohammad-Alizadeh S, Wahlström R, Vahidi R, Johansson A. Women's perceptions of quality of family
planning services in Tabriz, Iran. Reprod Health Matters 2009;17(33):171-80.
5. Kendall T. Reproductive rights violations reported by Mexican women with HIV. Health Hum Rights
2009;11(2):77-87.
6. Laar AK. Reproductive rights and options available to women infected with HIV in Ghana: perspectives of
service providers from three Ghanaian health facilities. BMC Womens Health 2013 Mar 15;13(13):1-8.
7. The Sexual Rights Initiative (SRI). Application of a human rights-based approach to sexual and reproductive
health 2012. Available at: http://www.worldwewant2015.org/es/node/298828.
8. Inayatullah A, Aziz D. The Reproductive Healthcare and Rights Act 2010. Available at:
http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/1302319237_781.pdf.
9. Janghorban R., Latifnejad Roudsari R., Taghipour A., Abbasi M. Sexual and reproductive rights from Qur'anic
perspective. The 2nd International Congress on Women's Health. May 1-2, 2013. Available at:
http://whc2013.sums.ac.ir/fa/files.php?rid=8
10. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. United Nations 1948. Available at:
http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml.
11. Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages. New
York:United Nations;1962. Available at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/pdf/convention.pdf.
12. The first International Conference on Human Rights. Tehran:United Nations;1968. Available at:
http://untreaty.un.org/cod/avl/pdf/ha/fatchr/Final_Act_of_TehranConf.pdf.
13. Declaration on Social Progress and Development. New York:United Nations;1969. Available at:
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/pdf/progress.pdf.
14. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Article 16. New York:United
Nations;1979. Available at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cedaw.htm.
15. Reproductive health strategy to accelerate progress towards the attainment of international development goals
and targets. Global strategy adopted by the 57th World Health Assembly: Department of Reproductive Health
and Research. World Health Organization;2004. Available at:
http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/general/RHR_04_8/en/index.html.
16. Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women, para.96. Beijing:United Nations;1995. Available at:
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/fwcwn.html.
17. IPPF Charter on sexual and reproductive rights. London:International Planned Parenthood Federation;1996.
Available at:
http://www.ippf.org/en/resources/statements/ippf+charter+on+sexual+and+reproductive+rights.htm.
18. The First Global Statement of the Inherent Dignity and Equality of All. United Nations. Available at:
http://www.un.org/events/humanrights/2007/history.shtml.
19. Brosius M. Women in ancient persia. Oxford:Oxford University Press;1996:331-559.
20. Sayyad MR. [Chronology of achaemenian] [Article in Persian]. J Islam Stud 1995;1:265-76.
21. Golshanirad K. [Evaluation of women's status in the Sassanian family and society]. [Article in Persian]. Women
Stud J 2011;3(2):117-31
22. [Civil laws of Zoroastrians in the Sassanian era]. Tehran:Forouhar Publications;2007. [in Persian].
23. Report of the International Conference on Population and Development, Programme of Action, Para 7.2.
Cairo:United Nations Population Information Network (POPIN);1994. Available at:
www.un.org/popin/icpd/conference/offeng/poa.html.
24. Sexual Health and Rights. Gender and reproductive rights glossary. WHO Draft working definition. World
Health Organization;2002. Available at: http://who.int/reproductive-health/gender/glossery.html.
25. Giving Special Attention to Girls and Adolescents. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA); 2008. Available
at: http://www.unfpa.org/gender/girls.htm.
26. Obaid TA. Fifteen years after the International Conference on Population and Development: What have we
achieved and how do we move forward? Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009 Aug;106(2):102-5.
27. Unmet need for family planning. World Health Organization;2013. Available at:
http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/family_planning/unmet_need_fp/en. ./
28. Gribble J N. Fact Sheet: Unmet Need for Family Planning. World Population Data Sheet; 2012. Available at:
http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2012/world-population-data-sheet/fact-sheet-unmet-need.aspx.
29. Iranian Parliament. The Therapeutic Abortion Act. 2005 June 21.
و همکاران رکسانا جان قربان 
01
30. Gender Based Violence. New Delhi:International Planned Parenthood Federation South Asia Region;2013.
Available at: http://www.ippfsar.org/en/What-we-do/Gender+Based+Violence/.
31. Facts and Figures on Violence against women. New York:UN Women;2012. Available at:
http://www.unifem.org/gender_issues/violence_against_women/facts_figures.html.
32. Sexual health and rights indicators. Kuala Lumpur:Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Center for
Women;2008. Available at: http://srhrdatabase.org/.
33. Right of adolescents to reproductive health information, education and services. United Nations of Population
Fund (UNFPA);2007. Available at: http://web.unfpa.org/adolescents/language/p4.htm.
34. Greene M.E., Mehta M., Pulerwitz J. Involving men in reproductive health: contributions to development. UN
Millennium Project.;2006. Available at: http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/Greene_et_al-final.pdf.
35. Ndong I, Becker RM, Haws JM, Wegner MN. Men's reproductive health: defining, designing, and delivering
services. Int Fam Plan Perspect 1999 Jan;25:S53-S5.
36. Why are sexual and reproductive health and rights important. Eldis;2012. Available at:
http://www.eldis.org/go/topics/resource-guides/health-challenges/key-issues/sexual-and-reproductive-healthand-rights/key-debates.
37. Janghorban R., Taghipour A., Latifnejad Roudsari R., Abbasi M. Women's empowerment in Iran: A review
based on the related legislations. Global Journal of Health Science. 2014;6(4):226-235.
doi:10.5539/gjhs.v6n4p226
38. Gallagher A.T. Integrating Reproductive Rights into the Work of National Human Rights Institutions. A
preliminary study of current views and practices, challenges and opportunities. 2011. Available at:
http://works.bepress.com/anne_gallagher/17.
39. Lottes IL. Sexual rights: meanings, controversies, and sexual health promotion. J Sex Res 2013;50(3-4):367-91.
40. Adinew YM, Worku AG, Mengesha ZB. Knowledge of reproductive and sexual rights among University
students in Ethiopia: institution-based cross-sectional. BMC Int Health Hum Rights 2013 Feb 13;13:12.
41. Rickert VI, Sanghvi R, Wiemann CM. Is lack of sexual assertiveness among adolescent and young adult women
a cause for concern? Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2002 Jul-Aug;34(4):178-83.
42. Motlaq ME, Eslami M, Yazdanpanah M, Nakhaee N. Contraceptive use and unmet need for family planning in
Iran. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2013 May;121(2):157-61.
43. Mohammad-Alizadeh S, Wahlström R, Vahidi R, Johansson A. Women's perceptions of quality of family
planning services in Tabriz, Iran. Reprod Health Matters 2009 May;17(33):171-80.
44. Maticka-Tyndale E, Smylie L. Sexual rights: striking a balance. Int J Sex Health 2008;20:7-24.
45. Javadnoori M, Latifnejad Roudsari R, Hasanpour M, Hazavehei MM, Taghipour A. Female adolescents’
experiences and perceptions regarding sexual health education in Iranian schools: a qualitative content analysis.
Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 2012 Nov-Dec;17(7):539-46.
46. Key elements of a Human Rights-Based Approach, Module 2, 2010. Available at:
http://www.unfpa.org/webdav/site/global/shared/documents/publications/2010/hrba/module_2.pdf
مجله زنان، مامایی و نازایی ایران
دوره 17، شماره 100 - شماره پیاپی 100
هفته دوم خرداد ماه 1393
خرداد 1393
صفحه 16-26

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار