The effect of 12 weeks aerobic exercise and yoga on some inflammatory and metabolic markers in overweight women with type 2 diabetes

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 PhD Candidate in Exercise Physiology, Alborz Campus University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

2 Professor, Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

10.22038/ijogi.2025.84295.6281

Abstract

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease associated with increased inflammation, which plays a significant role in disease progression. IL-1β, SFRP4, and TLR4 proteins are recognized as key components in the inflammatory pathways involved in diabetes. This study was conducted with aim to examine the effect of aerobic exercise and yoga on inflammatory and metabolic markers in overweight women with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: This research was applied, multi-group, and comparative study conducted using a quasi-experimental method with a pre-test, post-test design. Thirty overweight women with type 2 diabetes were assigned to three groups: control, yoga, and aerobic exercise. The interventions were performed over 12 weeks, with three 60-minute sessions per week. The aerobic exercise group engaged in treadmill running and light weight exercises at 60-70% of maximum heart rate, while the yoga group participated in breathing exercises, asanas, meditation, and prayers. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 21) and covariance analysis and t-correlation test. P<0.05 was considered significant.
Results: Neither of the interventions showed a significant effect on the inflammatory markers IL-1β, TLR4, and SFRP4 (P>0.05). However, both interventions led to a significant reduction in metabolic markers FBS, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed between the effects of the two interventions on metabolic markers (P>0.05).
Conclusion: Aerobic exercise and yoga as non-pharmacological interventions can be effective to improve blood glucose control and quality of life in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. Mawla Gawwam Al Meyyah A, Jaddoa Abbas H, Afrisham R, Einollahi N. Evaluation of Irisin and Adropin Biomarkers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Relationship with Risk Factors. Payavard Salamat 2023; 17(4):362-72.
  2. Abdul Basith Khan M, Hashim MJ, King JK, Govender RD, Mustafa H, Al Kaabi J. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes—global burden of disease and forecasted trends. Journal of epidemiology and global health 2020; 10(1):107-11.
  3. Cruz TB, Carvalho FA, Matafome PN, Soares RA, Santos NC, Travasso RD, et al. Mice with type 2 diabetes present significant alterations in their tissue biomechanical properties and histological features. Biomedicines 2021; 10(1):57.
  4. Lee-Ødegård S, Olsen T, Norheim F, Drevon CA, Birkeland KI. Potential mechanisms for how long-term physical activity may reduce insulin resistance. Metabolites 2022; 12(3):208.
  5. Hörbelt T, Knebel B, Fahlbusch P, Barbosa D, de Wiza DH, Van de Velde F, et al. The adipokine sFRP4 induces insulin resistance and lipogenesis in the liver. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis of Disease 2019; 1865(10):2671-84.
  6. Mojiri-Forushani H, Zolgharnein H. Investigation the Anti-inflammatory Effect of Astaxanthin on Inhibiting TLR4 and Some Inflammatory Cytokines in macrophages cell. Cell and Tissue Journal 2023; 14(4):309-24.
  7. Fatollahian Z, Monazzami A, Tadibi V, Mostafaei A. Modulation of interleukin-1Β (IL-1Β), Tumor Necrosis Factor–Α (TNF-Α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) genes expression following concurrent training in women with type2 diabetes. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism 2020; 19(3):160-9.
  8. Mukhuty A, Fouzder C, Kundu R. Blocking TLR4-NF-κB pathway protects mouse islets from the combinatorial impact of high fat and fetuin-A mediated dysfunction and restores ability for insulin secretion. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 2021; 532:111314.
  9. Lu S, Jin H, Nong T, Li D, Long K, Chen Y, et al. Hepatocyte-derived Fetuin-A promotes alcohol-associated liver disease in mice by inhibiting autophagy-lysosome degradation of TLR and M2 macrophage polarization. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2024; 224:506-20.
  10. Gao S, Tang J, Yi G, Li Z, Chen Z, Yu L, et al. The therapeutic effects of mild to moderate intensity aerobic exercise on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Diabetes Therapy 2021; 12:2767-81.
  11. Bird SR, Hawley JA. Update on the effects of physical activity on insulin sensitivity in humans. BMJ open sport & exercise medicine 2017; 2(1).
  12. Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) Research Group. The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) description of lifestyle intervention. Diabetes care 2002; 25(12):2165-71.
  13. Gulve EA. Exercise and glycemic control in diabetes: benefits, challenges, and adjustments to pharmacotherapy. Physical Therapy 2008; 88(11):1297-321.
  14. Jali MV, Deginal RB, Ghagane SC, Jali SM, Shitole AA. The influence of yoga therapy in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A single-center study. Yoga Mimamsa 2017; 49(1):9-12.
  15. Lipkin EW, Schwartz AV, Anderson AM, Davis C, Johnson KC, Gregg EW, et al. The Look AHEAD Trial: bone loss at 4-year follow-up in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes care 2014; 37(10):2822-9.
  16. Kohut ML, McCann DA, Russell DW, Konopka DN, Cunnick JE, Franke WD, et al. Aerobic exercise, but not flexibility/resistance exercise, reduces serum IL-18, CRP, and IL-6 independent of β-blockers, BMI, and psychosocial factors in older adults. Brain, behavior, and immunity 2006; 20(3):201-9.
  17. Lazarevic G, Antic S, Cvetkovic T, Vlahovic P, Tasic I, Stefanovic V. A physical activity programme and its effects on insulin resistance and oxidative defense in obese male patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes & metabolism 2006; 32(6):583-90.
  18. Bijlani RL, Vempati RP, Yadav RK, Ray RB, Gupta V, Sharma R, et al. A brief but comprehensive lifestyle education program based on yoga reduces risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine 2005; 11(2):267-74.
  19. Mishra B, Agarwal A, George JA, Upadhyay AD, Nilima N, Mishra R, et al. Effectiveness of yoga in modulating markers of immunity and inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus 2024; 16(4).
  20. Nasr Esfahani N, Taghian F. Effect of Eight Weeks of Yoga Training and Zinc Supplementation on the Levels of Interleukin-1 and C-reactive Protein in Women with Type II Diabetes. Journal of Diabetes Nursing 2018; 6(1):374-85.
  21. Gaesser GA, Angadi SS, Ryan DM, Johnston CS. Lifestyle measures to reduce inflammation. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 2012; 6(1):4-13.
  22. Kaki A, Nikbakht M, Fathimoghadam H, Habibi A. The effect aerobic exercise on the level of expression of Toll-like receptor 4 and inflammatory mediators in the sensory spinal cord of Male Rats with diabetic neuropathic pain. Jundishapur Scientific Medical Journal 20191; 17(5):503-17.
  23. Yang MW, Tao LY, Yang JY, Jiang YS, Fu XL, Liu W, et al. SFRP4 is a prognostic marker and correlated with Treg cell infiltration in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. American Journal of Cancer Research 2019; 9(2):363.
  24. Mahdi T, Hänzelmann S, Salehi A, Muhammed SJ, Reinbothe TM, Tang Y, et al. Secreted frizzled-related protein 4 reduces insulin secretion and is overexpressed in type 2 diabetes. Cell metabolism 2012; 16(5):625-33.
  25. Nunez Lopez YO, Garufi G, Pasarica M, Seyhan AA. Elevated and correlated expressions of miR‐24, miR‐30d, miR‐146a, and SFRP‐4 in human abdominal adipose tissue play a role in adiposity and insulin resistance. International Journal of Endocrinology 2018; 2018(1):7351902.
  26. Zameni L, Asadi SY. The effect of online yoga and mindfulness training on perceived stress and resilience of young females during the Covid-19 pandemic. Medical Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences 2024; 67(1):173-183.
  27. Tong HV, Luu NK, Son HA, Hoan NV, Hung TT, Velavan TP, et al. Adiponectin and pro‐inflammatory cytokines are modulated in Vietnamese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of diabetes investigation 2017; 8(3):295-305.
  28. Patil P, Nikam P, Nimbal N, Nikam S. Effect of yoga practicing on Ischemia modified albumin, lipid profile and antioxidant enzymes in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Clin Biochem Res 2019; 6(4):546-52.
  29. Bweir S, Al-Jarrah M, Almalty AM, Maayah M, Smirnova IV, Novikova L, et al. Resistance exercise training lowers HbA1c more than aerobic training in adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetology & metabolic syndrome 2009; 1:1-7.
  30. Baum K, Votteler T, Schiab J. Efficiency of vibration exercise for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients. International journal of medical sciences 2007; 4(3):159-63.
  31. Vizvari E, Abbas Zade H. Effect of moderate aerobic exercise on serum levels of FGF21 and fetuin A in women with type 2 diabetes. Medical Laboratory Journal 2020; 14(6):17-22.
  32. Khashaba A. Effect of Aerobic Exercises on Plasma Adiponectin Level in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. International Journal of Innovative Research in Medical Science (IJIRMS) 2018; 3(05).
  33. Mousavian AS, Darvakh HA. Effect of combined aerobic exercise on serum level of liver gamma glutamil transferase and glycemic index of middle-aged diabetic women. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2016; 19(14):9-19.
  34. Sadegh Eghbali F, Bijeh N, Attarzadeh Hoseini SR. Effect of eight weeks of combined training exercise with and without pomegranate concentrate consumption on metabolic syndrome indexes in obese and overweight middle-aged women. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2016; 19(1.2):16-24.
  35. Amiri Parsa T, Attarzadeh Hosseini SR, Bijeh N, Hamedi Nia MR. The effect of combined exercise (resistance-aerobic) valume on neurotrophic changes, neuropathic pain and some performance indicators in postmenopausal women with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2020; 22(12):24-37.
  36. Montazeri Najafabadi Z, Keshavarz S, Eftekhari Gheinani E, Marvi M. The effect of 12 weeks of Pilates training on serum levels of Adipolin, glycosylated hemoglobin and some body composition indicators in women with type 2 diabetes. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2024; 27(2):27-35.
  37. Singh VP, Khandelwal B. Effect of yoga and exercise on glycemic control and psychosocial parameters in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled study. International journal of yoga 2020; 13(2):144-51.
The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility
Volume 27, Issue 11
January 2025
Pages 13-25

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics