Effect of Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium infections on IVF outcome among women referred to Razavi hospital and Milad infertility center, Mashhad

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Instructor, Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

2 Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

3 M.Sc. of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

4 M.Sc. of Microbiology, School of Paramedical, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

5 B.Sc. of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

Abstract

Introduction: Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium are of the main causes of womens' genital tract worldwide. These two bacteries cause urethritis, cervicitis, and pelvic inflammatory disease, which can lead to infertility in women. This study was performed with aim to determine the prevalence of these two infections in infertile women and its effect in IVF treatment failure. 
Methods : In this study, cervical swab sampling was performed from 100 infertile patients referred to infertility treatment center of Razavi hospital and Milad infertility center in Mashhad. The swabs were then immediately placed in a Screw Cap Test Tubes containing thioglycollate medium  and transferred to the laboratory.
The incubation was performed at 37C for 18 hours and then the tubes were centrifuged. The resulting precipitate was transferred into the microtubule, and after 3 washes, DNA extraction was performed by boiling. Finally, the supernatant was used for PCR (Uniplex PCR) separately with specific primers for each of these bacteria
Results: The results showed that 23 samples were positive for Chlamydia trachomatis and most cases of IVF failure were related to this group (17 cases). Only one specimen was positive for Mycoplasma genitalium which was related to a patient with IVF failure.
Conclusion: Considering the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and and Mycoplasma genitalium, screening is impotrant in infertile women who suffer from relatively severe conditions and high costs of infertility treatment, including IVF. So, it is suggested that before any infertility treatment, the patients be monitored for the presence of these bacteries and receive antibiotic treatment if the result was positive.

Keywords

References

  1. Neshani A, Zare H, Akbari Eidgahi MR, Kamali Kakhki R, Safdari H, Khaledi A, et al. LL-37: Review of antimicrobial profile against sensitive and antibiotic-resistant human bacterial pathogens. Gene Reports 2019;17:100519.
  2. Neshani A, Zare H, Akbari Eidgahi MR, Khaledi A, Ghazvini K. Epinecidin-1, a highly potent marine antimicrobial peptide with anticancer and immunomodulatory activities. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 20(1):33.
  3. McGowin CL, Anderson-Smits C. Mycoplasma genitalium: an emerging cause of sexually transmitted disease in women. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7(5):e1001324.
  4. Ljubin-Sternak S, Meštrović T. Chlamydia Trachomatis and Genital Mycoplasmas: Pathogens with an Impact on Human Reproductive Health. J Pathog 2014; 2014:183167.
  5. Rödel J, Grosse C, Yu H, Wolf K, Otto GP, Liebler-Tenorio E, et al. Persistent Chlamydia trachomatis infection of HeLa cells mediates apoptosis resistance through a Chlamydia protease-like activity factor-independent mechanism and induces high mobility group box 1 release. Infect Immun 2012; 80(1):195-205.
  6. Srugo I, Steinberg J, Madeb R, Gershtein R, Elias I, Tal J, et al. Agents of non-gonococcal urethritis in males attending an Israeli clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. Isr Med Assoc J 2003; 5(1):24-7.
  7. Cazanave C, Manhart LE, Bébéar C. Mycoplasma genitalium, an emerging sexually transmitted pathogen. Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 2012; 42(9):381-392.
  8. Ceovic R, Gulin SJ. Lymphogranuloma venereum: diagnostic and treatment challenges. Infect Drug Resist 2015; 8:39-47.
  9. Malhotra M, Sood S, Mukherjee A, Muralidhar S, Bala M. Genital Chlamydia trachomatis: An update. Indian J Med Res 2013; 138(3):303-316.
  10. Neshani A, Tanhaeian A, Zare H, Akbari Eidgahi MR, Ghazvini K. Preparation and evaluation of a new biopesticide solution candidate for plant disease control using pexiganan gene and Pichia pastoris expression system. Gene Reports 2019; 17:100509.
  11. Esmaeili D, Daymad SF, Neshani A, Rashki S, Marzhoseyni Z, Khaledi A. Alerting prevalence of MBLs producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Gene Reports 2019; 16:100460.
  12. Morré SA, van den Brule AJ, Rozendaal L, Boeke AJ, Voorhorst FJ, de Blok S, et al. The natural course of asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis infections: 45% clearance and no development of clinical PID after one-year follow-up. Int J STD AIDS 2002; 13 Suppl 2:12-8.
  13. Macmillan S. Chlamydia trachomatis in subfertile women undergoing uterine instrumentation: The clinician's role. Hum Reprod 2002; 17(6):1433-6.
  14. Chernova OA, Medvedeva ES, Mouzykantov AA, Baranova NB, Chernov VM. Mycoplasmas and their antibiotic resistance: The problems and prospects in controlling infections. Acta Naturae 2016; 8(2):24-34.
  15. Barber TL, Fabricant J. Primary isolation of Mycoplasma organisms (PPLO) from mammalian sources. J Bacteriol 1962; 83(6):1268-1273.
  16. Couldwell DL, Lewis DA. Mycoplasma genitalium infection: current treatment options, therapeutic failure, and resistance-associated mutations. Infect Drug Resist 2015; 8:147-61.
  17. Gunnell DJ, Ewings P. Infertility prevalence, needs assessment and purchasing. J Public Health Med 1994; 16(1):29-35.
  18. Chaudhry R, Sharma S, Javed S, Passi K, Dey AB, Malhotra P. Molecular detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae by quantitative real-time PCR in patients with community acquired pneumonia. Indian J Med Res 2013; 138:244-51.
  19. Neshani A, Kamali Kakhki R, Sankian M, Zare H, Chichaklu AH, Sayyadi M, et al. Modified genome comparison method: a new approach for identification of specific targets in molecular diagnostic tests using Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex as an example. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18(1):517.
  20. Thonneau P, Spira A. Prevalence of infertility: international data and problems of measurement. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1991; 38(1):43-52.
  21. Gerbase AC, Rowley JT, Heymann DH, Berkley SF, Piot P. Global prevalence and incidence estimates of selected curable STDs. Sex Transm Infect 1998; 74 Suppl 1:S12-6.
  22. Ahmadi MH, Mirsalehian A, Bahador A. Prevalence of genital Chlamydia trachomatis in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pathog Glob Health 2015; 109(6):290-9.
  23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Chlamydia screening among sexually active young female enrollees of health plans-United States, 2000-2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2009; 58(14):362-5.
  24. Sameni F, Zadeh Modarres Sh, Dabiri H. Prevalence of Chlamydia Trachomatis, Mycoplasma Genitalium and Neisseria gonorrhea in Infertile Females Referred to Mahdieh Hospital in Tehran. Iran J Med Microbiol 2017; 11(5):90-97.
  25. Grześko J, Elias M, Mączyńska B, Kasprzykowska U, Tłaczała M, Goluda M. Occurrence of Mycoplasma genitalium in fertile and infertile women. Fertil Steril 2009; 91(6):2376-80.
  26. Niakan M, Gafari M, Abedi F. Prevalence of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in infertile women and their husbands. J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci 2009; 13(3):197-202.
  27. Vatani Sh, Ghazisaidi K, Mohamadi M, Naji AR, Fateminasab F, Zeraati H. The survey of contmination with genital mycoplasma in women with bactrial vaginalis by PCR method. J Gorgan Uni Med Sci 2006; 8(1):45-50.
  28. Günyeli İ, Abike F, Dünder İ, Aslan C, Tapısız ÖL, Temizkan O, et al. Chlamydia, Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma infections in infertile couples and effects of these infections on fertility. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 283(2):379-85.
  29. Xu J, Liu CM. Chlamydia and mycoplasma infection in genital tracts of 416 infertile female patients and drug sensitivity. Chinese Journal of Nosocomiology 2010; 20(18):2884-5.
  30. Safdari H, Yari A, Ghazvini K. Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis among women with genital infection in northeast of Iran in 2013. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil 2015; 18(147):1-6.
The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility
Volume 23, Issue 1
March 2020
Pages 40-47

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics