Consequences of 50,000 units of vitamin D during pregnancy: A review article

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 M.Sc. in Midwifery, Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

2 Associate professor, Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with maternal and fetal complications; accordingly, it is of significant importance to investigate the treatment of this deficiency. There is still no clear optimal protocol for the treatment of vitamin D deficiency or for the proper dose of this supplementation and its effects on mothers and infants, which has led to controversies about the safety and effectiveness of vitamin D supplements during pregnancy. Despite the importance of this issue, there are few studies addressing high doses of vitamin D, such as 50,000 units of vitamin D3.Therefore, this systematic review aimed to investigate the effects of 50,000 units of vitamin D on pregnant women.
Methods: This systematic review was performed on the Persian and English articles reporting the effect of vitamin D on pregnant women published during 2010-2017. The search process was accomplished through searching databases, such as PubMed, Science Direct, IranMedex, and Irandoc using the keywords of vitamin D in pregnancy, vitamin D deficiency, and clinical trials. In the initial search, 8648 articles were found; however, after employing the inclusion and exclusion criteria 8 articles were under the investigations.
 Results: Studies were conducted on a total of 2011 pregnant women, out of whom approximately 992 received 50,000 units of vitamin D. In these studies, high dose of vitamin D had a significant relationship with the increase of maternal serum levels and the decrease in the maternal and neonatal complications, which included lower level of gestational diabetes,  reduction of premature labor, and increase of baby weight, compared to mothers with vitamin D deficiency.
Conclusion: The 50,000 units of vitamin D in pregnant mothers with vitamin D deficiency increases serum level, compared to lower doses of vitamin D. This dose can be considered as a safe dose both for mothers and neonates.

Keywords

References

  1. Robinson CJ, Wagner CL, Hollis BW, Baatz JE, Johnson DD. Maternal vitamin D and fetal growth in early-onset severe preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 204(6):556. e1-4.
  2. Tabatabaei N, Auger N, Herba CM, Wei S, Allard C, Fink GD, et al. Maternal vitamin D insufficiency early in pregnancy is associated with increased risk of preterm birth in ethnic minority women in Canada. J Nutr 2017; 147(6):1145-51.
  3. McDonnell SL, Baggerly KA, Baggerly CA, Aliano JL, French CB, Baggerly LL, et al. Maternal 25(OH)D concentrations ≥40 ng/mL associated with 60% lower preterm birth risk among general obstetrical patients at an urban medical center. PloS One 2017; 12(7):e0180483.
  4. Benjamin Neelon SE, White AJ, Vidal AC, Schildkraut JM, Murtha AP, Murphy SK, et al. Maternal vitamin D, DNA methylation at imprint regulatory regions and offspring weight at birth, 1 year and 3 years. Int J Obes 2018; 42(4):587-93.
  5. Workalemahu T, Badon SE, Dishi-Galitzky M, Qiu C, Williams MA, Sorensen T, et al. Placental genetic variations in vitamin D metabolism and birthweight. Placenta 2017; 50:78-83.
  6. Makgoba M, Nelson SM, Savvidou M, Messow CM, Nicolaides K, Sattar N. First-trimester circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and development of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2011; 34(5):1091-3.
  7. Chen L, Wilson R, Bennett E, Zosky GR. Identification of vitamin D sensitive pathways during lung development. Respir Res 2016; 17(1):47.
  8. Hensel KJ, Randis TM, Gelber SE, Ratner AJ. Pregnancy-specific association of vitamin D deficiency and bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 204(1):41.e1-9.
  9. Hollis BW, Johnson D, Hulsey TC, Ebeling M, Wagner CL. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: double-blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and effectiveness. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26(10):2341-57.
  10. Dawson-Hughes B. Vitamin D deficiency in adults: definition, clinical manifestations, and treatment. Waltham, MA: UpToDate; 2014.
  11. Rostami F, Hantoushzadeh S, Moghadam Banaem L. A comparative study of the effects of two theraputic regimens for vitamin D3 deficiency in the first trimester of pregnancy on vitamin D3 levels in 24-28 weeks of gestation. [Phd Thesis]. Tehran: Tarbiat Modares University; 2017. (Persian).
  12. Shakiba M, Iranmanesh MR. Vitamin D requirement in pregnancy to prevent deficiency in neonates: a randomised trial. Singapore Med J 2013; 54(5):285-8.
  13. Al Emadi S, Hammoudeh M. Vitamin D study in pregnant women and their babies. Qatar Med J 2013; 2013(1):32-7.
  14. Etemadifar M, Janghorbani M. Efficacy of high-dose vitamin D3 supplementation in vitamin D deficient pregnant women with multiple sclerosis: preliminary findings of a randomized-controlled trial. Iran J Neurol 2015; 14(2):67-73.
  15. Hashemipour S, Ziaee A, Javadi A, Movahed F, Elmizadeh K, Javadi EH, et al. Effect of treatment of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency during pregnancy on fetal growth indices and maternal weight gain: a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2014; 172:15-9.
  16. Soheilykhah S, Mojibian M, Moghadam MJ, Shojaoddiny-Ardekani A. The effect of different doses of vitamin D supplementation on insulin resistance during pregnancy. Gynecol Endocrinol 2013; 29(4):396-9.
  17. Rostami M, Ramezani Tehrani F, Simbar M, Hosseinpanah F, Alavi Majd H. Rationale and design of khuzestan vitamin d deficiency screening program in pregnancy: a stratified randomized vitamin D supplementation controlled trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2017; 6(4):e54.
  18. Mojibian M, Soheilykhah S, Fallah Zadeh MA, Jannati Moghadam M. The effects of vitamin D supplementation on maternal and neonatal outcome: a randomized clinical trial. Iran J Reprod Med 2015; 13(11):687-96.
  19. Abotorabi S, Hashemi Poor S, Esmailzadehha N, Ziaee A, Khoeiniha MH. Effect of treatment with vitamin D on maternal and neonatal indices in pregnant women with hypocalcemia: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Pediatr 2017; 5(9):5733-9.
  20. Vitamin D in pregnancy. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists; 2014.
  21. Soheilykhah S, Mojibian M, Rashidi M, Rahimi-Saghand S, Jafari F. Maternal vitamin D status in gestational diabetes mellitus. Nutr Clin Pract 2010; 25(5):524-7.
  22. De-Regil LM, Palacios C, Lombardo LK, Pena-Rosas JP. Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy. Sao Paulo Med J 2016; 134(3):274-5.  

The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility
Volume 21, Issue 10
December 2018
Pages 75-80

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics